Hendrik+Antoon+Lorentz


 * In 19th century was mostly the time of researching on electricity and magnetism. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, who ****m **** was a great scientist of the end of 19th century ****, a scientist who dedicated his life to the study of physics. **

__Background: __ __Education History: __ At the time, there was no school for people. In 1866, the first high school at Arnhem was opened. Hendrik Lorentz attends the school and placed in 3rd form. After a year of 5th form, he entered the University of Leyden in 1870. He studied physics and mathematics, and have his B.S degree at 1871. The ideal of Hendrik to become a physicist was influenced by astronomy professor, Frederik Kaiser in the University of Leiden. 1872, he was position in a high school to teach mathematics. At the same time, he was also preparing for his doctoral degree. In 1875, he obtained his doctor’s degree. __Contribution: __  In 1878, when Lorentz was age 23, he appointed to newly established chair in theoretical physics at the University of Leiden. He delivered his inaugural lecture on the molecule theories in physics. He theorized that the atoms might consist of charged particles were the source of light. Lorentz also created an electron theory describing electromagnetic occurrences in matter. This theory is what we called today, ‘’ Lorentz force’’. In the theory he placed a formula defining the forces influencing the charge moving in the electric field. The transformation equation was used by Albert Einstein to explain space and time.
 * Youth: ** Lorentz was born in Arnhen, Gelderland on July 18, 1853. He is the son of a nursery-owner, Gerrit Frederik Lorentz and Geertruida can Ginkel. His mother’s died when he was age four. Later, his father married Luberta Hupkes. When he was 10 years old, he bought a logarithm table of his pocket money and figured out how to calculate with it.
 * Student days: ** The talents of the young student in physics made a strong impression on his teachers, among whom the astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser. In 1881, Lorentz married professor Kaiser's niece. In 1871, at the early age of 18, Lorentz passed with //summa cum laude// the //candidaatsexamen// (comparable to a bachelor's). This was an oral exam with several examiners, who all were aware of Lorentz's reputation. After he passed the //candidaatsexamen//, Lorentz returned to Arnhem in 1872 to teach physics in high school classes to students of his own age, while as a student in Leiden.
 * Later life:** Lorentz was primarily interested in the theory of [|electromagnetism]—the theory of [|electricity], [|magnetism], and [|light]. After his conference on [|Zeeman effect], he became the prominent theoreticians of Europe and not only that he has been invited to give talks to many lecture conference, also appointed to be the chairman of the international conference.
 * Death: **Hendrik Antoon Lorentz died on Friday, February 10, 1928. All telephone lines in Holland were suspended for three minutes as a tribute of his death. Many famous scientists present at the funeral, including Albert Einstein and Ernest Rutherford.
 * Award: ** <span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for their explanation of the Zeeman effect.

__<span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Lorentz force: __ One of the greatest discoveries that **Lorentz** in physics is the **Lorentz force** which is defined as: The force exerted on a charged particle due to magnetic fields (//<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">q ////<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-style: normal;">) moving with velocity (v) through an electric (E) and magnetic field (B). The entire electromagnetic force F on the charged particle is called the Lorentz Force. It can be express in the equation: ////**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">F **// = //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">q**E** // + //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">q**v** // × //**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">B **// F is the force (in newton) E is the electric field (in volts / metre) B is the magnetic field (in teslas) Q is the electric charge of the particle (in coulombs) V is the instantaneous velocity of the particle (in metres/second) X is the vector cross product ||
 * [[image:490px-Solenoid_svg.png]] || Where

Some scientists in the early 18s (before Lorentz’s time) describe the activity that an electrically charged particle gives rise to electric and magnetic field without describing the force acting on a moving point charge in an electromagnetic field. In 1902, Hendrik Lorentz depicted the effect of E and B upon a point charge. It was difficult to prove the theory during the 19s because the lack of technology. Although, Hendrik Lorentz described this force via theoretical calculations, it has been proven by many experiments later on, and this theory has been used on many inventions of machine; for example, spectrometers it is a machine used to determine the properties of light in order to identify materials. ** A wire with has electrical current is placed in a magnetic field. Imagine the wire pass through your left hand, the direction of Lorentz force is where the thumb is pointing. <span style="font-family: 'Microsoft Sans Serif','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">
 * History:
 * Free-body diagram of a force on a current-carrying wire **